“Linguistic turn” in Humanitarian Studies: XIII Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia

The linguistic component of the materials of the XIII Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia (Kazan, July 2-6, 2019) is discussed in the article. It is concluded that the research approaches of anthropologists, ethnologists and linguists coming close, interpreted as a potential starting point for the increment of new linguistic knowledge

Why is a noble metal catalytically active? The role of the O-Ag interaction in the function of silver as an oxidation catalyst

Extensive density-functional theory calculations, and taking into account temperature and pressure, affords a comprehensive picture of the behavior and interaction of oxygen and Ag(111), and provides valuable insight into the function of silver as an oxidation catalyst. The obtained phase-diagram reveals the most stable species present in a given environment and thus identifies (and excludes) possibly active oxygen species. In particular, for the conditions of ethylene epoxidation, a thin oxide-like structure is most stable, suggesting that such atomic O species are actuating the catalysis, in contrast to hitherto proposed molecular-like species.Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures, Related publications can be found at http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm

Modeling of lactic acid fermentation of leguminous plant juices

Lactic acid fermentation of leguminous plant juices was modeled to provide a comparative efficiency assessment of the previously selected strains of lactic acid bacteria as potential components of starter cultures. Juices of the legumes fodder galega, red clover, and alfalfa were subjected to lactic acid fermentation in 27 variants of the experiment. Local strains (Lactobacillus sp. RS 2, Lactobacillus sp. RS 3, and Lactobacillus sp. RS 4) and the collection strain Lactobacillus plantarum BS 933 appeared the most efficient (with reference to the rate and degree of acidogenesis, ratio of lactic and acetic acids, and dynamics of microflora) in fermenting fodder galega juice; Lactobacillus sp. RS 1, Lactobacillus sp. RS 2, Lactobacillus sp. RS 3, Lactobacillus sp. RS 4, and L. plantarum BS 933 were the most efficient for red clover juice. Correction of alfalfa juice fermentation using the tested lactic acid bacterial strains appeared inefficient, which is explainable by its increased protein content and a low level of acids produced during fermentation. © MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica", 2006

Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene into toxic hydroxylamino derivatives by lactobacilli

Lactobacilli isolated from different ecological niches were capable of partial nitroreduction of 2,4,6-trinitrqtoluene (TNT) to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes (HADNT) at a high rate (up to 93 nmol/(min mg dry biomass). For the most active (with respect to the reaction rate) strains, Lactobaculus fermentum BS3601 andLacîobacillusplantarum BS3604, the extent of transformation comprised 95-97%. An inverse correlation was found between the ability to transform TNT and resistance of bacteria to its toxic action. The inhibitory effects of TNT and HADNT on the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and glyceraldehydë-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PGADH) in cell extracts of lactobacilli were revealed

Plasmids specifying ε{lunate}-caprolactam degradation in Pseudomonas strains

The large plasmid DNAs were found in several strains of Pseudomonas sp. capable of growing on ε{lunate}-caprolactam as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The ability to grow on ε{lunate}-caprolactam and ε{lunate}-aminocaproic acid as sole sources of carbon or nitrogen and adipic acid as a sole source of carbon could be transferred in interspecies crosses. All transconjugants harboured corresponding large plasmid DNAs. It was suggested that the discovered plasmids possessed the genetic material controlling several consecutive reactions of ε{lunate}-caprolactam catabolism yielding acetate and succinate. © 1984

Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene into toxic hydroxylamino derivatives by Lactobacilli

Lactobacilli isolated from different ecological niches were capable of partial nitroreduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes (HADNT) at a high rate (up to 9.3 nmol/(min mg dry biomass)). For the most active (with respect to the reaction rate) strains, Lactobacillus fermentum BS3601 and Lactobacillus plantarum BS3604, the extent of transformation comprised 95-97%. An inverse correlation was found between the ability to transform TNT and the resistance of bacteria to its toxic action. The inhibitory effects of TNT and HADNT on the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and glyceral-dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in cell extracts of lactobacilli were revealed. © 1999 MAHK "Hayka/Interperiodica"

Fermentation of high-protein plant biomass by introduction of lactic acid bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria displaying increased ability to produce lactic acid, medium proteolytic activity, and tolerance to osmotic stress were isolated under selective conditions from phyllosphere and rhizosphere of registered and raised cultivars of legumes. Lactic fermentation of poorly ensilable leguminous plants (red clover and Caucasian goat's rue) was performed by introduction of rifampin-resistant homofermenting representatives of the genus Lactobacillus (selected according to a set of technologically important characteristics). The results demonstrate that introduction of active local strains of lactobacteria, as well as the collection strain Lactobacillus plantarum BS933, enhances activation of ensiling and increases the quality of fodder, as assessed according to the standard criteria (a decrease in pH of the medium, the ratio of lactic acid to fatty acid homologues, and the composition of silage microflora). © 2005 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica"

Pt/CeO2 and Pt/CeSnOx catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation prepared by plasma-arc technique

We applied a method of plasma arc synthesis to study effects of modification of the fluorite phase of ceria by tin ions. By sputtering active components (Pt, Ce, Sn) together with carbon from a graphite electrode in a helium ambient we prepared samples of complex highly defective composite PtCeC and PtCeSnC oxide particles stabilized in a matrix of carbon. Subsequent high-temperature annealing of the samples in oxygen removes the carbon matrix and causes the formation of active catalysts Pt/CeOx and Pt/CeSnOx for CO oxidation. In the presence of Sn, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) show formation of a mixed phase CeSnOx and stabilization of more dispersed species with a fluorite-type structure. These factors are essential for the observed high activity and thermic stability of the catalyst modified by Sn. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the presence of both Pt2+ and Pt4+ ions in the catalyst Pt/CeOx, whereas only the state Pt2+ of platinum could be detected in the Sn-modified catalyst Pt/CeSnOx. Insertion of Sn ions into the Pt/CeOx lattice destabilizes/reduces Pt4+ cations in the Pt/CeSnOx catalyst and induces formation of strikingly high concentration (up to 50% at.) of lattice Ce3+ ions. Our DFT calculations corroborate destabilization of Pt4+ ions by incorporation of cationic Sn in Pt/CeOx. The presented results show that modification of the fluorite lattice of ceria by tin induces substantial amount of mobile reactive oxygen partly due to affecting geometric parameters of ceria by tin ions

States of Pt/CeO2 catalysts for CO oxidation below room temperature.

CO molecules can be efficiently oxidized over Pt/CeO2 catalysts, but the stability and reactivity of different states of Pt in the catalysts are still unclear. Here we combine experimental and computational methods to characterize Pt/CeO2 catalysts subjected to reductive and oxidative pre-treatments and exposed to CO oxidation reaction conditions. Particles of metallic Pt, known to be catalytically active at elevated temperature, are shown to be precursors for the formation, under operando conditions, of more stable PtOx particles that enable CO oxidation below room temperature. These PtOx particles are also similarly stable to - but more active than - atomically dispersed Pt2+ species. The results and approaches presented in this study illustrate the complex response of catalytic materials to reaction conditions and pave the way for future efforts to improve Pt/CeO2 and similar catalysts using dedicated pre-treatment strategies